What Nicole Brown Simpson’s sister wants you to know about domestic violence

Courtesy Denise Brown

EDITOR’S NOTE: If you or someone you know is experiencing domestic violence, dial 800-799-7233 or text “START” to 88788 to reach the National Domestic Violence Hotline 24/7. Trained staff can simply listen or help with various needs such as finding housing or filing a police report. The hotline also has resources for people who are supporting someone in an abusive relationship, including for managing frustration.

Several days after Nicole Brown Simpson was murdered, her older sister, Denise Brown, defiantly said on national television, “My sister was not a battered woman.”

Brown had been aware of, and once even present for, two times when O.J. Simpson, her sister’s ex-husband, had physically hurt Nicole, she said. In the 1995 criminal trial against Simpson for the murders of Nicole and her friend Ron Goldman, Brown testified about having taken photos of her sister’s bruised face, neck and arms at Nicole’s request after a domestic abuse incident Nicole had called 911 about on New Year’s Day in 1989 — the highly publicized altercation was the ninth time police had responded to the home, but the first for which Simpson was arrested and charged with spousal battery, to which he pleaded no contest .

Brown also testified about having witnessed verbal abuse over time and one instance of physical abuse . (Though Simpson was acquitted in the criminal trial, he was found liable for the deaths of Goldman and Nicole in a civil trial in 1997.)

At that time, “those pictures, I thought, were an isolated incident because I didn’t know anything about the cycle of domestic violence,” Brown told CNN. “Domestic violence was something that we did not grow up with.”

But after another Brown sister “found the diaries at Nicole’s condo when they were cleaning it out after she was murdered, my father called me to his bedroom a couple of months later, and he said, ‘Denise, take a look at this,’” Brown told CNN. “I started looking, and I thought, ‘Oh, my God, why didn’t she tell us?’”

Shocked by the grim details, Brown took her sister’s journals to the director of a local women’s shelter, seeking professional help with answering all the “whys” roiling through her brain, the questions many people ask when they learn their loved one was or is being abused: Why didn’t she just leave? What did I miss?

The director’s response catalyzed Brown’s education and ongoing advocacy work in domestic violence awareness, which began during what was nicknamed the “trial of the century.” In the 31 years since then, Brown has traveled nationwide to women’s shelters, police stations, universities, hospitals, churches and more to increase awareness and support for an issue that affects more than 1 in 3 women and more than 1 in 6 men in the United States alone. And those statistics are just for physical violence, sexual violence and stalking — they don’t include emotional, psychological, financial and spiritual abuse.

Brown poured everything she has learned into her new memoir, “ For My Sister Nicole : Love Shouldn’t Hurt — What to Know About Domestic Violence,” out Tuesday, during Domestic Violence Awareness Month. Brown hopes to give Nicole her voice back, magnify the signs of abusive relationships, and advise loved ones trying to help victims leave, she told CNN.

“I want to be able to save lives with this book. I hope it does, because I miss her,” Brown said. “I just don’t want a family to go through what we had to go through.”

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There is now greater understanding of the complexities in such relationships, said Katie Ray-Jones, CEO of the National Domestic Violence Hotline , which provides support and tools for survivors 24/7. (The service was established as part of the Violence Against Women Act that President Bill Clinton signed into law in September 1994, three months after Nicole’s murder. Brown played a pivotal role in the passage of the act by testifying before Congress.)

Despite increased awareness, some people still may miss early or subtle warning signs of abuse by chalking them up to benign causes rather than seeing them as red flags for danger, said Dr. Nicolyn Charlot, a researcher who has studied reliable predictors of intimate partner violence.

Here’s what to look for and how to handle any concerns.

Some people have a narrow idea of what a victim looks like, and that can get in the way of detecting abuse and supporting them, sources said.

“My view of a battered woman was stereotypical: a quiet, shuffling shell with knocked-out teeth, visible injuries, afraid to even lift her eyes in public,” Brown wrote in her book. “A woman with no power; someone who was completely robbed of any agency. My strong-willed, stubborn, and capable sister was the absolute antithesis of what those words conjured in my mind.”

That archetype may hold true for many victims behind closed doors, but it’s not what many of them look like as they move about the world, going to great lengths to hide the abuse, Ray-Jones said.

Domestic violence “impacts every socioeconomic status, education, geographic region, race, gender identity — no one is immune from potentially being a victim survivor,” she added. “Many people who call the hotline will say, ‘I always said I would never let this happen to me, I would never let a man hit me. And now I’m calling you.’”

But abuse isn’t something you let happen, Ray-Jones said. “Someone’s choosing to harm you, and they didn’t meet you and say, ‘Hey, in three months, I’m going to slap you across the face,’” she explained. “They build a relationship with you that feels like love, and they gain your trust, and then they begin to use the power and control wheel in ways that are typically subtle at first. So before you realize how deep you’re in, a lot has happened.”

Created by the Duluth, Minnesota-based Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs in 1984, the power and control wheel diagram describes abuse and the tactics that aggressors use to keep victims in the relationship. The inside of the wheel details more subtle behaviors that occur over time, such as intimidating looks or making someone feel guilty, while the outer ring represents physical and sexual violence.

Someone can be experiencing serious abuse without ever being hit, Sara Runyon, a licensed clinical social worker and chief program officer at the Center for Prevention of Abuse in Peoria, Illinois, said via email. Emotional, mental, behavioral and physical signs that someone is being abused can begin at any point in the partnership.

You might notice that your friend’s relationship is marked by frequent arguments and emotional highs and lows, Brown said. Your friend may show changes in their usual mood or mindset, such as sadness, depression, anxiety, self-doubt or low self-esteem.

Someone experiencing abuse may be quieter than usual, uncharacteristically private about their relationship and less engaged in social functions, sources said. The individual might also start to abandon their hobbies and forego career opportunities, Brown said.

Maybe their appearance is changing, or they are covering up more than normal because their partner is critical or controlling or they are hiding evidence of physical abuse, Ray-Jones said. If you frequently notice bruises or injuries and the person offers explanations that don’t make sense, that’s another cause for concern.

In hindsight, Brown realized the first indication that her sister was being physically abused was when she discovered a Polaroid picture Nicole had taken of her bruised face and black eye, which she claimed were the work of a film makeup artist.

Abusive partners also often set lots of rules around the victim’s social life, Brown said. Or the abuser might demand access to phones, private conversations and time — even when they’re working or spending time with others. The victim may face consequences when they miss calls or texts.

Brown had observed that her sister frequently took on the blame for various conflicts with Simpson, she said. This tendency indicates “what’s happening behind the scenes,” Ray-Jones said. “The abuse is being minimized. It’s being pushed to the victim as ‘you’re the reason why this is happening.’”

Abusers may also criticize under the guise of lighthearted teasing. “I’m a survivor myself,” Ray-Jones shared. “My partner would make fun of the way I would eat in front of a group of people, but he would say something like, ‘It’s so cute when you hold your fork that way.’”

Abusers also tend to push for quick progress in the relationship early on. Extreme jealousy is another warning sign, Ray-Jones added, which may manifest as accusations of flirting or cheating.

Often, “the verbal, emotional, psychological abuse is all a precursor to the physical abuse, to murder,” Brown said, even if those violent outcomes take years to get to. Brown reveals in her book for the first time that she herself experienced this escalation in her 20s: Within a week, her boyfriend at the time went from suddenly instructing her to not talk to male strangers he unfoundedly insisted were dangerous and in organized crime, to strangling her as she was falling asleep one night, she recalled.

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Is your relationship emotionally unsafe? Experts explain the signs and what to do

While learning these signs is important, loved ones should also know that detection isn’t always possible due to the secrecy at play in so many victims’ experiences, experts said.

Of all the theories about Nicole and her family in the aftermath of her murder, “by far the most painful to me were insinuations that family members had been indifferent to Nicole’s suffering,” Brown wrote. “The truth is that none of us knew what we were up against. … My sister was enmeshed for seventeen years in a cycle, one in which denial plays a huge role. She denied, minimized, and kept her own secrets — and those secrets cost Nicole her life.”

If you suspect someone you know is being abused, bring up your concerns in a private setting, sources said, nowhere near their partner. But when considering your approach, know that what seems logical and well-meaning to you may be unhelpful or even harmful.

“I said the wrong things to Nicole because I didn’t understand,” Brown said. She got angry and begged her sister to leave Simpson. “I was doing the exact same thing that he was doing to her, of trying to control what she does, and that is not a good feeling for a victim of domestic violence.”

Judgment and control can make a victim isolate themselves, which perpetuates the abuse, experts said. Additionally, “they know their situation best, and they know what is (and isn’t) safe for them to consider,” Tonia Moultry-Pace, interim president and CEO of the National Network to End Domestic Violence in Washington, DC, said via email.

Brown recommends using the “TRUST” framework, created by experts in 2004, for having conversations about domestic violence:

“ T ake the time to listen”

“ R espect the victim’s values and choices”

“ U nderstand how difficult it is and offer compassion and hope”

“ S upport the victim’s decisions”

“ T ell the victim help is available from you and others”

If the person is ready to leave their relationship, you can offer to help connect them with professionals, such as those with the hotline, who can assist them in creating a safety plan and finding somewhere to live. There are many different types of shelters available, as Brown details in her book, including emergency shelters , transitional housing, and centers that rehabilitate residents by helping them rebuild their self-esteem, acquire career skills and more.

You can also offer to let them stay with you or help with transportation, childcare or pet sitting, storage, and finances. Whether the person is ready to leave or not, when they come to you about another abusive incident in their relationship, ask what would make them feel most supported by you, Charlot said.

Keep in mind that no matter what you do or how aware a victim is of their abuser’s behavior and its impacts, that person may still stay in the relationship or struggle to stay away. On average, a victim will leave an abusive partner seven to 10 times before they are done for good, Brown said.

The reasons for this behavior are multiple and complex. “Survivors hope that things will get better, the way they were at the beginning of the relationship,” Brown wrote. “The abusive partner promises they will change, using manipulative tactics to try to keep the survivor in the relationship.”

Abuse doesn’t automatically erase love, attachment , shared memories, and both tangible and intangible investments in the relationship, experts said. Victims “clearly saw something good in their abuser in the beginning,” Brown wrote, and if they were in love, “the victim might find it inconceivable that the abuser meant whatever harm they caused.”

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And some victims have been so psychologically destroyed by their aggressors that they consider themselves deserving of the abuse or incapable of finding a better life. There is also the shame of not wanting anybody to know the truth, Brown said.

Practical reasons also are common hindrances to leaving, one of which paradoxically concerns safety. Leaving is often the most dangerous time in an abusive relationship, with 77% of domestic violence-related homicides occurring upon separation and a 75% increase in violence after separation for at least two years, Brown said. As abusive partners lose control over survivors, they often escalate their tactics and violence.

“When Nicole finally left her relationship, that was two years before her murder,” Brown added.

Often, the prospect of leaving carries the possibilities of financial insecurity, child custody issues and prolonged court battles. Some people have pets they don’t want to leave behind or disabilities that complicate leaving.

People may need time to consider their options and make a plan. “We’re wanting to create a space where we’re shifting power back to the victim and survivor,” Ray-Jones said, “and they are making their own decisions and feeling informed and that they’re in control of their next steps and journey.”

More resources for domestic violence

If you or someone you know needs legal help, the Legal Services Corporation funds high-quality civil legal assistance for low-income Americans and has more than 900 offices nationwide. You can also find a lawyer via the American Bar Association’s website .

Simple self-defense classes teach someone how to escape an attack, including strangulation, instead of fighting back. A woman who is strangled by her partner is seven to eight more times likely to later be killed by the aggressor. Learn the signs of strangulation here .

If you or someone you know is concerned about leaving pets behind, share that with professionals when discussing your options. The Animal Welfare Institute has an online database of safe havens for pets of people experiencing domestic violence.

The NO MORE Global Directory has helplines and resources for people in nearly every country and territory.

图片由丹尼斯·布朗提供

编者按：如果您或您认识的人正在遭受家庭暴力，请拨打 800-799-7233 或发送短信“START”至 88788 联系全国家庭暴力热线，该热线 24 小时全天候服务。受过专业训练的工作人员可以倾听您的心声，并协助您解决各种需求，例如寻找住所或报警。该热线还为那些在虐待关系中支持他人的人们提供资源，包括如何应对挫折感。

妮可·布朗·辛普森被谋杀几天后，她的姐姐丹尼斯·布朗在全国电视台上义正言辞地说：“我的妹妹不是一个受虐妇女。”

布朗表示，她知道，甚至有一次亲眼目睹了她姐姐的前夫辛普森两次对妮可进行身体伤害。在1995年辛普森因谋杀妮可及其朋友罗恩·戈德曼而受审的刑事审判中，布朗作证说，在1989年元旦妮可拨打911报警称遭遇家庭暴力后，应妮可的要求，她拍摄了妮可脸部、颈部和手臂的瘀伤照片。这场备受瞩目的冲突是警方第九次出警到妮可家，但却是辛普森第一次因家庭暴力被捕并被控以配偶殴打罪，他对此指控表示不抗辩。

布朗还作证说，他曾多次目睹言语虐待和一次肢体虐待。（虽然辛普森在刑事审判中被判无罪，但在1997年的民事审判中，他被判对戈德曼和妮可的死亡负有责任。）

布朗告诉CNN：“当时，我认为那些照片只是孤立事件，因为我对家庭暴力的循环一无所知。家庭暴力是我们成长过程中从未经历过的事情。”

但布朗的另一个姐妹在妮可遇害后清理她的公寓时发现了这些日记，几个月后，我父亲把我叫到他的卧室，说：“丹妮丝，看看这个。”布朗告诉CNN。“我开始看，然后我想，‘我的天哪，她为什么不告诉我们？’”

布朗被日记中令人震惊的细节所震撼，她带着妹妹的日记去找当地妇女庇护所的主任，寻求专业帮助来解答脑海中翻腾的“为什么”，这些问题也是许多人在得知自己所爱的人曾经或正在遭受虐待时会问的：她为什么不离开？我错过了什么？

这位主任的回应促使布朗投身于家庭暴力意识教育和持续倡导工作，而这一切始于那场被誉为“世纪审判”的案件。此后的31年里，布朗走遍全美各地，到妇女庇护所、警察局、大学、医院、教堂等地，提高公众对家庭暴力问题的认识和支持。仅在美国，就有超过三分之一的女性和超过六分之一的男性遭受家庭暴力的困扰。而这些统计数据仅仅涵盖了身体暴力、性暴力和跟踪骚扰，并不包括情感虐待、心理虐待、经济虐待和精神虐待。

布朗将她所学到的一切都倾注于她的新回忆录《致我的妹妹妮可：爱不应伤人——关于家庭暴力的真相》中。该书于周二出版，正值家庭暴力宣传月。布朗告诉CNN，她希望这本书能让妮可重新发出自己的声音，提高人们对虐待关系的认识，并为那些试图帮助受害者摆脱困境的亲人提供建议。

“我希望这本书能拯救生命。我真心希望它能做到，因为我太想念她了，”布朗说。“我只是不希望其他家庭经历我们所经历的一切。”

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全国反家庭暴力热线首席执行官凯蒂·雷-琼斯表示，现在人们对这类关系的复杂性有了更深入的了解。该热线全天候为幸存者提供支持和工具。（这项服务是根据比尔·克林顿总统于1994年9月签署生效的《反妇女暴力法》设立的，当时距离妮可遇害仅三个月。布朗在国会作证，为该法案的通过发挥了关键作用。）

尽管人们的意识有所提高，但研究亲密伴侣暴力可靠预测因素的研究员尼科琳·夏洛特博士表示，有些人仍然可能会错过虐待的早期或微妙的警告信号，因为他们会将这些信号归因于良性原因，而不是将其视为危险的危险信号。

以下是需要注意的事项以及如何处理任何问题。

消息人士称，有些人对受害者的外貌特征理解狭隘，这可能会妨碍人们发现虐待行为并为受害者提供支持。

布朗在书中写道：“我对受虐妇女的印象非常刻板：一个沉默寡言、步履蹒跚、牙齿被打掉、浑身伤痕累累的躯壳，甚至不敢在公共场合抬头。一个毫无力量的女人；一个完全被剥夺了自主权的女人。而我那意志坚强、固执又能干的妹妹，与这些词语在我脑海中描绘的形象截然相反。”

雷-琼斯说，这种原型或许适用于许多受害者私下里的情况，但与许多受害者在世人面前的表现并不相符，他们会竭尽全力掩盖自己遭受的虐待。

她补充说：“家庭暴力影响到每一个社会经济地位、教育程度、地理区域、种族、性别认同——没有人能免于成为受害者。” “许多拨打热线电话的人会说，‘我一直说我绝不会让自己遭遇这种事，我绝不会允许男人打我。而现在我却要打电话给你们。’”

但雷-琼斯说，虐待不是你任其发生的。“有人选择伤害你，他们不会一开始就跟你说，‘嘿，三个月后我要扇你耳光’，”她解释道。“他们会和你建立一种看似恋爱的关系，赢得你的信任，然后开始以通常很隐蔽的方式利用权力控制你。所以在你意识到自己陷得有多深之前，很多事情就已经发生了。”

由位于明尼苏达州德卢斯市的家庭暴力干预项目于1984年创建的权力与控制轮图，描述了虐待行为以及施暴者用来将受害者留在关系中的各种手段。轮图内部描绘了随着时间推移而出现的更为隐蔽的行为，例如恐吓性的眼神或使人产生内疚感，而外圈则代表了身体暴力和性暴力。

伊利诺伊州皮奥里亚市预防虐待中心首席项目官、持证临床社会工作者萨拉·鲁尼恩在电子邮件中表示，即使从未遭受过殴打，也可能有人正在遭受严重的虐待。情感、心理、行为和身体上的虐待迹象可能在伴侣关系的任何阶段出现。

布朗说，你可能会注意到，你朋友的关系经常争吵，情绪也起伏不定。你的朋友可能会出现情绪或心态上的变化，例如悲伤、抑郁、焦虑、自我怀疑或自卑。

消息人士称，遭受虐待的人可能会比平时更沉默寡言，对自己的感情关系异常低调，并且减少参与社交活动。布朗表示，这些人也可能开始放弃自己的爱好，并放弃职业发展机会。

雷-琼斯说，也许他们的外貌发生了变化，或者他们比平时更注重遮掩，因为他们的伴侣很挑剔或控制欲很强，又或者他们在掩盖遭受身体虐待的证据。如果你经常发现他们身上有瘀伤或伤痕，而对方给出的解释又不合逻辑，那就更令人担忧了。

事后看来，布朗意识到她妹妹遭受身体虐待的第一个迹象是，她发现了一张妮可拍的宝丽来照片，照片上是她脸上的淤青和黑眼圈，妮可声称这是电影化妆师造成的。

布朗说，施虐伴侣通常还会对受害者的社交生活设下诸多限制。或者，施虐者可能会要求接触受害者的手机、进行私人谈话，甚至在他们工作或与他人相处时也如此。受害者如果错过电话或短信，可能会面临惩罚。

布朗说，她注意到妹妹经常替她承担与辛普森之间各种冲突的责任。雷-琼斯说，这种倾向表明了“幕后发生的事情”。“虐待行为被淡化了。责任被推到受害者身上，说‘这一切都是你造成的’。”

施虐者也可能以轻松玩笑的名义进行批评。“我自己也是受害者，”雷-琼斯说道，“我的伴侣会取笑我当着一群人的面吃饭，但他会说，‘你那样拿叉子真可爱。’”

施虐者往往也倾向于在关系初期就急于求成。雷-琼斯补充说，极度嫉妒是另一个警示信号，这可能表现为指责对方调情或出轨。

布朗说，通常情况下，“言语、情感和心理虐待都是身体虐待乃至谋杀的前兆”，即使这些暴力后果需要数年时间才会发生。布朗在书中首次披露，她自己在二十多岁时也经历过这种虐待升级的过程：她回忆说，一周之内，她当时的男友先是突然警告她不要和陌生男性说话，并毫无根据地坚称他们很危险，而且与有组织犯罪有关；随后，在一个晚上，当她快要睡着时，男友竟然掐住了她的脖子。

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你的感情关系是否存在情感不安全感？专家解读相关迹象及应对方法。

专家表示，虽然了解这些迹象很重要，但亲人也应该知道，由于许多受害者的经历都涉及保密问题，因此并非总能发现这些迹象。

在所有关于妮可及其家人在她遇害后遭遇的猜测中，“最令我痛苦的莫过于暗示家人对妮可的痛苦漠不关心，”布朗写道。“事实是，我们谁也不知道自己面对的是什么……我的妹妹在长达十七年的时间里深陷于一个循环之中，否认在其中扮演了至关重要的角色。她否认、淡化、保守着自己的秘密——而正是这些秘密夺走了妮可的生命。”

消息人士称，如果你怀疑认识的人正在遭受虐待，应该在私下场合提出你的担忧，千万不要在对方伴侣面前谈论此事。但你在考虑如何应对时，要知道你认为合情合理且出于好意的做法，可能反而无济于事，甚至会造成伤害。

“我当时不理解，所以对妮可说了些不该说的话，”布朗说道。她很生气，恳求妹妹离开辛普森。“我当时做的和他对她做的一模一样，试图控制她的一切，这对一个家庭暴力受害者来说，感觉非常糟糕。”

专家表示，评判和控制会让受害者自我孤立，从而加剧虐待。此外，位于华盛顿特区的全国终止家庭暴力网络临时总裁兼首席执行官托尼亚·穆尔特里-佩斯在电子邮件中表示：“他们最了解自己的处境，也最清楚哪些行为对他们来说是安全的，哪些是不安全的。”

布朗建议使用专家于2004年创建的“TRUST”框架来进行有关家庭暴力的对话：

“花时间倾听”

“尊重受害者的价值观和选择”

“理解他们的处境有多艰难，并给予他们同情和希望。”

“支持受害者的​​决定”

“告诉受害者，你可以向其他人寻求帮助。”

如果对方准备结束这段关系，你可以主动提出帮助他们联系专业人士，例如热线工作人员，他们可以协助对方制定安全计划并寻找住处。正如布朗在她的书中详细介绍的那样，有很多不同类型的庇护所可供选择，包括紧急庇护所、过渡性住房以及帮助居民重建自尊、获得职业技能等的康复中心。

你还可以提出让他们和你住在一起，或者在交通、照看孩子或宠物、储物和财务方面提供帮助。夏洛特说，无论对方是否准备离开，当他们再次向你倾诉关系中遭受的虐待时，都要问问他们怎样做才能感受到你最真切的支持。

请记住，无论你做什么，无论受害者对施虐者的行为及其影响有多么了解，他们仍然可能继续留在关系中，或者难以摆脱。布朗说，平均而言，受害者在彻底结束这段关系之前，会离开施虐伴侣七到十次。

这种行为背后的原因多种多样，错综复杂。“幸存者希望情况会好转，回到关系开始时的样子，”布朗写道。“施虐一方承诺会改变，并使用各种操控手段试图将幸存者留在关系中。”

专家表示，虐待并不会自动抹去爱、依恋、共同回忆以及对这段关系的所有有形和无形投入。布朗写道，受害者“一开始显然在施虐者身上看到了某些优点”，如果他们彼此相爱，“受害者可能难以想象施虐者会故意造成如此大的伤害”。

d3sign/Moment RF/Getty Images

不熟悉“红丸”内容？青少年男孩无论是否愿意，都深受其影响。

布朗说，有些受害者因为施暴者而遭受严重的心理创伤，以至于他们认为自己活该受虐，或者认为自己无力过上更好的生活。此外，他们还因为羞耻而不愿让任何人知道真相。

实际原因也是人们难以离开的常见障碍，其中一个看似矛盾的原因却与安全有关。布朗指出，离开往往是身处虐待关系中最危险的时期，77%的家庭暴力相关凶杀案发生在分居期间，分居至少两年后，暴力事件会增加75%。随着施暴者对受害者失去控制，他们往往会升级施暴手段和暴力行为。

布朗补充说：“妮可最终结束那段感情时，距离她遇害已经过去了两年。”

通常，离开家乡意味着可能面临经济不稳定、子女监护权纠纷以及旷日持久的法庭诉讼。有些人有不愿留下的宠物，或者身有残疾，这些都会使离开变得复杂。

人们可能需要时间来考虑各种选择并制定计划。“我们希望创造一个空间，将权力交还给受害者和幸存者，”雷-琼斯说，“让他们能够自己做出决定，感到自己掌握了信息，并且能够掌控自己的下一步行动和人生旅程。”

更多关于家庭暴力的资源

如果您或您认识的人需要法律帮助，法律服务公司（Legal Services Corporation）为低收入美国人提供高质量的民事法律援助，并在全国设有900多个办事处。您也可以通过美国律师协会的网站找到律师。

简单的自卫课程教人们如何在遭受攻击（包括窒息）时逃脱，而不是奋力反击。被伴侣窒息的女性，之后被施暴者杀害的可能性要高出七到八倍。点击此处了解窒息的迹象。

如果您或您认识的人担心将宠物留在原地，请在与专业人士讨论各种方案时表达您的担忧。动物福利协会拥有一个在线数据库，列出了为遭受家庭暴力的人士提供宠物安全庇护的机构。

“不再有”全球目录为几乎所有国家和地区的人们提供帮助热线和资源。