JLOTS, an obscure Army-Navy capability, arrives in Gaza

Since President Joe Biden announced during his State of the Union address that the U.S. military would build a humanitarian aid pier on the Gaza Strip, and that “no U.S. boots will be on the ground” in Gaza, Keith Robbins and other retired military logistics officers have been watching.

And on Thursday, after weeks of preparation, security planning and weather delays, the Pentagon announced that a trident pier had been stabbed into the Gaza beach.

The pier is essentially an erector set-like assembly of metal pieces built at sea and sitting close to the water that can assume a variety of lengths depending on the mission requirements.

Retired logisticians like Robbins are seeing a long-neglected but nonetheless vital military capability getting its time to shine, even as concerns remain about the security of the sailors and soldiers handling the undulating, 1,600-foot pier.

The capability, known as Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore, or JLOTS, will be used to help bring aid to civilians in Gaza as Israeli operations to destroy Hamas continue in the wake of the Palestinian militant group’s Oct. 7 attack on Israel, and is expected to cost at least $320 million.

Before his retirement as a lieutenant colonel in 2007, Robbins spent the last tour of his career as the JLOTS program manager for U.S. Transportation Command, and oversaw three JLOTS exercises, including one in Guatemala before he got out.

Military Times also spoke with two retired senior Army officers, a retired senior Navy supply officer and an active-duty Army officer, who all spent years of their service focused on JLOTS.

Except for Robbins, the retired and active-duty officers all requested anonymity to speak candidly about the capability and the Gaza mission. Military Times confirmed their identities and their military service.

“So few people know what a JLOTS entails,” one retired Army transportation officer told Military Times. “You can’t go walk the halls of the Pentagon and find two people who know what they’re talking about, because it’s such a small niche capability that’s very, very specialized.”

Troops move a trident pier built at sea by U.S. soldiers and sailors toward a beach in the Gaza Strip Thursday, in preparation for stabbing the beach with the causeway. (DOD)

JLOTS is a feat of military engineering, in which 1,000 soldiers and sailors first build a massive floating platform at sea, where ships carrying screened cargo from Cyprus can be offloaded.

Trucks are then ferried to the trident pier by vessels that are essentially motorized pier sections, and driven from there onto the beach, where U.N. relief workers will oversee distribution.

Ashore, Israeli military engineers guided the pier into place, according to Navy Vice Adm. Bradley Cooper, deputy command of U.S. Central Command, which oversees all U.S. forces in the Middle East.

“IDF engineers prepared the beach at Gaza and secured the temporary pier to the beach,” Cooper told reporters Thursday. “This group of engineers were specially trained for this mission by U.S. Army engineers in the preceding weeks on a beach in Israel.”

And while the trident pier has purportedly been attached to the beach without U.S. service members setting foot in Gaza, retired military logistics officers who spoke with Military Times questioned the use of the “boots on the ground” term by the White House and the Pentagon.

A retired Navy supply captain, the equivalent of a colonel in the other services, called the term “code talk in Washington for no risk to U.S. forces.”

But even if the Gaza mission can be pulled off without a single American service member setting foot on the beach in Gaza, those soldiers and sailors will still be at risk, he said.

“I just want honesty, that’s all,” the officer said. “The military is trained for this, they understand it. But let’s be honest about boots on the ground, and that they will be at risk.”

“It’s an inherently risky endeavor when you’re not in complete control of the land and sea and air around it,” he added.

During the JLOTS exercises he partook in, the Navy officer said there were “hundreds” of U.S. troops on the beach.

“Or they’re in very close proximity to the shore, because that’s where all the stuff operates,” he said.

Cooper said Thursday that 500 tons of aid could be flowing off the pier and into Gaza in the coming days, and he emphasized that U.S. and Israeli forces were in close coordination to keep the U.S. troops taking part in the pier mission and the U.N. aid workers safe during the mission.

“On the force protection side, I’m not going to be able to talk about specifics, other than to say that we’ve been coordinating very closely, as I mentioned, with the Israeli Defense Force to address any potential issue in every domain that exists,” he said.

U.S. and Israeli forces have had “extremely close coordination” in the past six weeks “to work out every single operational detail,” Cooper added.

The officers interviewed by Military Times noted that keeping a trident pier stable and in place involves using heavy anchors buried in the sand, as well as Army tugs that look nothing like a traditional tugboat and are generally used to keep the pier in place as it bobs in the water.

Such an arrangement inevitably requires U.S. troops to be close to shore, if not technically standing on the beach.

They also noted how doing a JLOTS evolution is inherently risky for troops involved, even under the best conditions.

“You’re moving 40-ton and 20-ton containers on an environment that is moving, so anything can happen,” the retired Navy captain said. “Somebody gets crushed, falls overboard or gets run over.”

Despite the security risks and challenges, several of the officers said they think JLOTS is tailor-made for the Gaza mission, delivering much-needed relief via the sea where no port is available.

After digging a slot trench and a so-called "duck pond," U.S. troops prepare for a trident pier to stab the beach during a Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore exercise in 2015. (Army)

How they stab the beach

To stab the trident pier into the beach, a platoon’s worth of soldiers first use military bulldozers to dig a massive slot trench on the beach, which leads the pier into a so-called “duck pond,” basically a water-filled entry point for the pier to mate with the beach, the officers said.

After the duck pond is established, which usually takes a day or so, the pier is rammed at four or 5 knots into the sand, and must get at least 40 feet in, according to one retired Army officer who spent decades in the transportation corps.

After that, a mix of buried anchors and Army tug vessels keep the pier in place as trucks start rolling on and off.

“Those anchoring systems need to be constantly maintained, to hold the pier in place, securely and stable so that they can do discharge operations safely,” Robbins said.

It remains unclear whether U.S. or Israeli forces will be in charge of keeping the pier stable.

The retired Army transportation corps officer said JLOTS is “built for a less-kinetic environment,” and using it in Gaza could come with risks, and additional challenges.

Typically, a JLOTS deployment would follow a Marine Corps amphibious assault on a given location, he said, referring to JLOTS as “LOTS” for short.

“Forced entry, they secure the ground and they move inland and create standoff,” he said. “After the Marine Corps provides the ground or the space, the Army then moves in for a long, enduring operations, where we bring in LOTS capability.”

“It’s usually not the kinetic environment we see now in Gaza,” the officer added.

Already, aid groups ashore were mortared last month, and Hamas has said the group will resist any foreign presence associated with the project, The Associated Press reported .

Several of the officers interviewed worried about the Israeli and U.S. militaries’ ability to counter lower-tech threats, such as mortar rounds.

There’s also the matter of keeping the pier safe.

The military has limited JLOTS sets, the Navy officer noted, and one being used in Gaza can’t be used for something else.

The capability has been neglected and underfunded over the years, particularly Army watercraft, the officers said, but a conventional war with China has resurrected a desire for such capabilities, he said.

“There’s plenty in the military that are clamoring for more JLOTS-type enablers,” he said. “This is a great opportunity for the U.S. military to show why the investments in technology like this matter.”

The JLOTS capability in action during a 2012 military exercise. (DOD)

The JLOTS system involves several parts: a massive discharge platform, where cargo ships can offload aid, the trident pier, or causeway, and a series of pier sections-slash-boats that will move the aid from the platform to the pier.

All the parts are built from the same sectional modular pieces, which are put together like an at-sea erector set, the retired Army transportation officer said.

“We just build an acre of causeways all connected together” for the discharge platform, he said. “And then you build the causeway ferries, which are built from causeway sections, causeway pieces … with a powered section at the end. Kind of looks like a pier, but it’s powered and you can use it like a boat and you can build them, 300, 400, 800-feet long.”

“They almost look like a piece of causeway section with a pilot house on it,” the Navy officer said.

Those ferries can then “marry up” at the trident pier, allowing trucks to drive off and toward land.

“It’s all made from the same parts and pieces, it’s just how you erect it,” the Army transportation officer said.

Trident piers sit just a few feet above the water, and are susceptible to volatile and choppy sea states, the transportation officer said.

Soldiers and sailors assemble a sprawling at-sea discharge platform in the Mediterranean Sea off the Gaza Strip in April. (Army via AP)

Other officers recalled how trident pier missions had to be scrapped because of uncooperative waters in past JLOTS exercises.

The Pentagon said earlier this month that the pier was delayed due to weather, and the retired Army officer said that opposing winds and currents can whip up that stretch of the Mediterranean Sea, but that bad weather passes relatively quickly.

Cooper, the deputy CENTCOM commander, said Thursday that how weather affects using the pier will be “situationally dependent.”

“One variable we cannot control here is the weather,” he said. “So we’ll just see what that looks like. It’s very favorable here in the coming days and week or so. And our goal is to move as much humanitarian assistance as possible during that period, and then we’ll make assessments going forward, as we would with any military operation and the weather.’

The Pentagon has indicated that contractors will drive the aid trucks down the trident pier and onto the beach. Officers who spoke with Military Times questioned whether a non-military truck driver would be up to the daunting task.

“Some of that’s a little dicey for a commercial truck driver that probably has never driven on a causeway section before,” one officer said.

U.S. soldiers build out a floating staging platform in the Mediterranean Sea in April. (DOD)

‘It’s very risky even to put the damn causeway together’

But even without the security threats that a mission like the one in Gaza poses , JLOTS is a potentially dangerous undertaking for troops involved, even under the best of circumstances, the officers said.

“It’s very risky even to put the damn causeway together,” the active-duty Army officer said.

The massive ships at sea crane-load and dangle massive platform and pier sections over the side, and everything is assembled via human labor.

“We’re talking about building and erecting an erector set of equipment in the water,” the retired Army transportation officer said. “There’s just a huge risk in doing that, and the processes have to be done in ideal conditions.”

A soldier takes part in a Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore, or JLOTS, exercise in 2016. (DOD)

Rolling out JLOTS requires “relatively good weather, good sea conditions, to be able to put and stitch all of that stuff together,” one officer said.

The sections used to assemble the discharge platform, the ribbon bridge ferries and the trident pier are all massive and heavy, and soldiers have been crushed carrying out the mission in the past, the officers said.

Once everything is in place, moving the cargo can be equally harrowing , the officers said. Cargo trucks have to drive down a 50-degree sloped ramp from the cargo ship to the floating discharge platform, and those soldiers may not be trained in JLOTS.

“It’s usually the soldier driving his own tank, or his own truck, who’s not a watercraft soldier, he’s not a causeway soldier, this is not his environment, and you’re directing him to get him to shore so he can get back into his environment,” the officer said. “Those soldiers who are unpracticed or inexperienced at that tend to be just frightened to death, operating in the water like that.”

Going down that sloped ramp requires particular leaps of faith for the drivers, even with soldiers on the ground guiding them, and it all gets “exponentially worse at night,” the retired senior Army officer said.

Drivers generally take a right turn to get off the cargo ship and onto the ramp, with little visibility regarding where they’re going.

“They see nothing except water, they cannot see the discharge platform and they have to trust in their skill, and they go off this thing and then down and make a left-hand turn onto the discharge facility,” he said. “That in and of itself is a scary thing — where’s the edge?”

Soldiers drive off of a trident pier during a Joint Logistics Over-the-Shore, or JLOTS, exercise in 2016. (Army National Guard)

Once onto the ribbon bridge ferry or trident pier, the path back to land is undulating in three dimensions.

“It’s up, it’s down, it’s sideways,” the officer said. “It’s a really dynamic operational environment.”

The pier itself is about 24-feet-wide and “way smaller when you’re driving on it,” the senior officer said.

One section goes one way, while the one ahead goes the other way.

“They’re all connected but they move to some degree independently,” he said. “Everything’s moving, nothing is stable, and until you get used to that and trust your own ability to just go straight and not worry about it, that’s an interesting experience.”

Military Times Editorial Fellow Riley Ceder contributed to this report.

Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated Keith Robbins’ JLOTS-related position. He was JLOTS program manager for U.S. Transportation Command.

Geoff is the managing editor of Military Times, but he still loves writing stories. He covered Iraq and Afghanistan extensively and was a reporter at the Chicago Tribune. He welcomes any and all kinds of tips at geoffz@militarytimes.com.

自从乔·拜登总统在国情咨文中宣布美国军方将在加沙地带建造人道主义援助码头，并且“不会有美国军队进入加沙”以来，基思·罗宾斯和其他退役军事后勤官员一直在关注着事态发展。

周四，经过数周的准备、安全规划和天气延误后，五角大楼宣布，一个三叉戟码头已插入加沙海滩。

该码头本质上是一个类似组装玩具的金属部件组合体，在海上建造，靠近水面，可以根据任务需要调整长度。

像罗宾斯这样的退休后勤人员看到，一项长期被忽视但至关重要的军事能力终于迎来了展现自我的机会，尽管人们仍然担心操作这条起伏不平的 1600 英尺长码头的水兵和士兵的安全。

这项名为“岸上联合后勤保障”（JLOTS）的能力将用于帮助向加沙平民运送援助物资，因为在巴勒斯坦武装组织哈马斯于 10 月 7 日袭击以色列之后，以色列继续开展摧毁哈马斯的行动，预计这项能力至少需要花费 3.2 亿美元。

罗宾斯于 2007 年以中校军衔退役，在他职业生涯的最后一个任期是担任美国运输司令部的联合后勤保障训练系统 (JLOTS) 项目经理，并在退役前监督了三次 JLOTS 演习，其中包括在危地马拉的一次演习。

《军事时报》还采访了两名退役陆军高级军官、一名退役海军高级后勤军官和一名现役陆军军官，他们都曾多年专注于联合后勤保障系统（JLOTS）。

除了罗宾斯之外，所有退役和现役军官都要求匿名，以便坦诚地谈论相关能力和加沙任务。《军事时报》已确认了他们的身份和服役经历。

一位退役陆军运输军官告诉《军事时报》：“很少有人知道联合后勤保障系统（JLOTS）究竟包含哪些内容。你甚至在五角大楼里都找不到两个真正了解这方面的人，因为它是一项非常小众且高度专业化的能力。”

周四，美军士兵和水兵将海上搭建的三叉戟码头向加沙地带海滩移动，准备用这条堤道刺穿海滩。（美国国防部）

JLOTS 是一项军事工程壮举，其中 1000 名士兵和水手首先在海上建造了一个巨大的浮动平台，载有来自塞浦路斯的经过筛选的货物的船只可以在那里卸载货物。

然后，卡车由实际上是机动码头段的船只运送到三叉戟码头，再从那里开到海滩上，联合国救援人员将在那里监督物资分发。

据美国中央司令部副司令、海军中将布拉德利·库珀称，在岸上，以色列军事工程师引导码头就位。中央司令部负责监督美国在中东的所有部队。

库珀周四告诉记者：“以色列国防军的工程师们在加沙海滩做好了准备工作，并将临时码头固定在海滩上。这批工程师此前几周在以色列的海滩上接受了美国陆军工程师的专门训练，以执行这项任务。”

虽然据称三叉戟码头已与海滩连接起来，而美国军人并未踏足加沙，但接受《军事时报》采访的退役军事后勤官员对白宫和五角大楼使用“地面部队”一词表示质疑。

一位退役的海军后勤上校（相当于其他军种的上校）称该术语是“华盛顿的暗语，意在对美国军队不构成风险”。

但他表示，即使加沙任务可以在没有一名美国军人踏上加沙海滩的情况下完成，这些士兵和水手仍然会面临风险。

“我只想要实话实说，仅此而已，”军官说。“军队受过这方面的训练，他们明白这一点。但我们必须坦诚地面部队的情况，承认他们会面临风险。”

他补充说：“当你无法完全控制周围的陆地、海洋和天空时，这本身就是一项充满风险的行动。”

这位海军军官表示，在他参加的联合海上作战训练演习期间，海滩上有“数百名”美军士兵。

“或者它们离海岸很近，因为所有设施都在那里运作，”他说。

库珀周四表示，未来几天可能会有 500 吨援助物资从码头运往加沙，他还强调，美国和以色列军队正在密切协调，以确保参与码头任务的美军和联合国援助人员在任务期间的安全。

“在部队保护方面，我无法谈论具体细节，只能说，正如我提到的，我们一直在与以色列国防军密切协调，以解决各个领域可能出现的任何潜在问题，”他说。

库珀补充说，在过去的六周里，美国和以色列军队进行了“极其密切的协调”，“以制定每一个作战细节”。

接受《军事时报》采访的军官们指出，要保持三叉戟码头的稳定和固定，需要使用埋在沙子里的重型锚，以及与传统拖船截然不同的陆军拖船，这些拖船通常用于在码头于水中起伏时将其固定到位。

这样的部署必然要求美军靠近海岸，甚至严格来说，必须驻扎在海滩上。

他们还指出，即使在最好的条件下，进行联合后勤保障训练 (JLOTS) 对参与的部队来说也存在固有的风险。

“你是在移动的环境中搬运40吨和20吨的集装箱，所以什么都可能发生，”这位退役海军上校说。“有人会被压到，有人会掉进海里，或者有人会被车撞到。”

尽管存在安全风险和挑战，但几位官员表示，他们认为联合海上运输系统 (JLOTS) 非常适合加沙任务，通过海上运输运送急需的救援物资，而加沙没有港口可用。

2015年，在一次联合后勤登陆演习中，美军士兵挖好一条狭长战壕和一个所谓的“鸭塘”后，准备用三叉戟码头刺穿海滩。（陆军）

他们如何刺伤海滩

军官们说，为了将三叉戟码头刺入海滩，一个排的士兵首先使用军用推土机在海滩上挖出一个巨大的狭长沟渠，将码头引入所谓的“鸭塘”，这基本上是一个注满水的入口，码头可以由此与海滩连接。

据一位在运输部队服役数十年的退役陆军军官称，鸭塘建成后（通常需要一天左右的时间），码头会以四到五节的速度被撞入沙中，并且必须至少深入 40 英尺。

之后，埋入式锚和陆军拖船共同将码头固定住，卡车开始上下往来。

罗宾斯说：“这些锚固系统需要不断维护，才能将码头牢固稳定地固定到位，以便安全地进行卸货作业。”

目前还不清楚是由美军还是以色列军队负责维护码头的稳定。

这位退役陆军运输兵团军官表示，联合远程作战系统（JLOTS）“是为动能较小的环境而设计的”，在加沙使用它可能会带来风险和额外的挑战。

他表示，通常情况下，JLOTS 的部署会在海军陆战队对特定地点进行两栖攻击之后进行，并将 JLOTS 简称为“LOTS”。

他说：“他们会强行突入，控制地面，然后向内陆推进，制造对峙局面。海军陆战队提供地面或空间后，陆军就会展开长期持久作战，届时我们会投入远程作战能力。”

“加沙地带通常不会出现我们现在看到的这种紧张局势，”这位官员补充道。

据美联社报道，上个月，岸上的援助组织已经遭到迫击炮袭击，哈马斯表示，该组织将抵制与该项目相关的任何外国存在。

接受采访的几名军官担心以色列和美国军队是否有能力应对低技术威胁，例如迫击炮弹。

还有确保码头安全的问题。

这位海军军官指出，军方拥有的联合远程作战训练系统（JLOTS）数量有限，在加沙使用的一套系统不能用于其他用途。

军官们表示，多年来，这项能力一直被忽视和资金不足，特别是陆军水上舰艇，但与中国的常规战争重新唤起了人们对这种能力的渴望。

他说：“军方很多人都在呼吁增加更多类似JLOTS的技术。这对美国军方来说是一个绝佳的机会，可以展示为什么对这类技术的投资至关重要。”

2012年军事演习期间，联合后勤保障系统（JLOTS）能力正在发挥作用。（美国国防部）

JLOTS 系统包括几个部分：一个巨大的卸货平台，货船可以在那里卸载援助物资；三叉戟码头或堤道；以及一系列码头段/船只，这些船只将援助物资从平台运送到码头。

这位退役陆军运输军官说，所有部件都是由相同的模块化部件组装而成，就像海上组装玩具一样。

他说：“我们建造了一英亩的堤道，所有堤道都连接起来，作为卸货平台。然后建造堤道渡轮，渡轮由堤道段、堤道部件组成……末端带有动力段。看起来有点像码头，但它是动力的，你可以像船一样使用它，而且可以建造300英尺、400英尺、800英尺长的渡轮。”

“它们看起来就像一段堤道，上面建有一个驾驶室，”这位海军军官说。

然后这些渡轮可以在三叉戟码头“对接”，让卡车驶离码头，驶向陆地。

“所有部件都一样，区别只在于如何组装，”这位陆军运输军官说道。

交通官员表示，三叉戟码头距离水面只有几英尺，很容易受到变幻莫测、波涛汹涌的海况的影响。

今年4月，士兵和水兵在地中海加沙地带附近海域组装一个庞大的海上卸货平台。（美联社/陆军）

其他军官回忆说，在过去的联合海上作战训练演习中，由于水域不配合，三叉戟码头任务不得不取消。

五角大楼本月早些时候表示，码头建设因天气原因而延误。这位退役陆军军官表示，地中海那一段海域可能会受到逆风和逆流的影响，但恶劣天气通常会很快过去。

美国中央司令部副司令库珀周四表示，天气对码头使用的影响将“视情况而定”。

他说：“我们无法控制的一个因素是天气。所以我们只能走一步看一步。未来几天到一周左右的天气状况非常有利。我们的目标是在这段时间内尽可能多地运送人道主义援助物资，然后我们会像对待任何军事行动一样，根据天气情况进行评估。”

五角大楼已表示，承包商将驾驶援助物资卡车沿着三叉戟码头驶入海滩。接受《军事时报》采访的军官质疑，非军方卡车司机能否胜任这项艰巨的任务。

一名警官说：“对于可能从未在堤道路段行驶过的商业卡车司机来说，其中一些路段有点危险。”

今年4月，美军士兵在地中海搭建了一个浮动集结平台。（美国国防部）

“就连修建这条该死的堤道都非常冒险。”

但军官们表示，即使没有像在加沙执行任务那样的安全威胁，JLOTS 对参与其中的部队来说也是一项潜在的危险任务，即使在最好的情况下也是如此。

“就连修建这条该死的堤道都非常危险，”这位现役陆军军官说道。

海上的巨轮用起重机装载并悬挂巨大的平台和码头部件到船舷外，所有部件都是通过人工组装的。

这位退役陆军运输军官说：“我们是在讨论如何在水中建造和组装一套设备。这样做风险极大，而且所有流程都必须在理想条件下进行。”

2016年，一名士兵参加联合后勤岸上演习（JLOTS）。（美国国防部）

一位官员表示，推出 JLOTS 需要“相对良好的天气和海况，才能将所有这些东西组装起来”。

军官们说，用于组装卸货平台、带状桥渡轮和三叉戟码头的部件都非常庞大沉重，过去曾有士兵在执行任务时被压伤。

军官们说，一切就绪后，搬运货物同样惊险刺激。货车必须沿着从货船到浮动卸货平台的50度斜坡行驶，而这些士兵可能没有接受过联合卸货运输系统（JLOTS）的训练。

“通常情况下，驾驶坦克或卡车的士兵不是水上作战士兵，也不是堤道作战士兵，这不是他熟悉的环境，而你要指挥他上岸，让他回到熟悉的环境中，”这位军官说。“那些缺乏训练或经验的士兵，在水上作业时往往会吓得魂飞魄散。”

这位退役陆军高级军官说，即使有士兵在地面引导，司机们驶下那条倾斜的坡道也需要极大的勇气，而且到了晚上情况会“呈指数级恶化”。

司机通常向右转弯驶离货船，进入坡道，但他们几乎看不到前方路况。

“他们除了水什么也看不见，看不到卸货平台，只能依靠自己的技术，从这个平台上跳下去，然后左转进入卸货设施，”他说。“这本身就很可怕——边缘在哪里？”

2016年，在一次联合后勤岸上演习（JLOTS）中，士兵们驾驶车辆驶离三叉戟码头。（美国陆军国民警卫队）

一旦登上丝带桥渡轮或三叉戟码头，返回陆地的道路就会在三维空间中起伏不平。

“它一会儿向上，一会儿向下，一会儿向两侧移动，”警官说。“这是一个瞬息万变的作战环境。​​”

这位高级官员说，码头本身宽约 24 英尺，“但当你开车驶上去时，感觉要小得多”。

其中一段路往一个方向走，而前面一段路往相反的方向走。

“它们彼此相连，但又在某种程度上独立运作，”他说。“一切都在变化，没有什么是稳定的，在你习惯这一点，并相信自己有能力勇往直前而不去担心之前，那将是一种有趣的体验。”

《军事时报》编辑研究员莱利·塞德对本报道亦有贡献。

更正：此前报道错误地描述了基思·罗宾斯在联合后勤保障系统（JLOTS）项目中的职位。他是美国运输司令部的JLOTS项目经理。

杰夫是《军事时报》的执行主编，但他仍然热爱写作。他曾深入报道伊拉克和阿富汗战争，也曾在《芝加哥论坛报》担任记者。欢迎大家通过 geoffz@militarytimes.com 向他提供各种新闻线索。